{"id":111,"date":"2013-12-30T16:26:05","date_gmt":"2013-12-30T22:26:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/grownuptech.com\/?p=111"},"modified":"2024-08-12T18:34:34","modified_gmt":"2024-08-12T18:34:34","slug":"this-thing-called-the-world-wide-web","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oakwoodexperience.com\/staging\/2633\/this-thing-called-the-world-wide-web\/","title":{"rendered":"This Thing Called the World Wide Web"},"content":{"rendered":"

I remember when there was no World Wide Web, when the Internet was not called the Internet. For today\u2019s emerging generation of computer users, however, computer use IS the Internet or the Web. The journey from a room-sized machine churning out processed data to global information access from a handheld device weighing less than a pound probably does not fascinate you like it does me. But I believe that having a better understanding of what the web is made up of will help you understand why sometimes it doesn\u2019t do what you want it to do. Please understand that this is a very basic method of describing the process, and is not, in any way, designed to give you enough information to say \u201cI know how to fix DNS problems.\u201d It\u2019s just the basics.<\/p>\n

The CAST of Characters<\/i><\/b><\/span>
\nYou, the computer user
\nMike, the software developer
\nCarol, the website designer
\nSteve, the network engineer
\nA host of extras who have built the hardware that all this stuff runs on<\/p>\n

The Settings<\/i><\/b><\/span>
\nYour Home
\nA software company
\nCarol\u2019s home
\nXYZ Networking
\nABC Communications (telephone company)
\nThe world<\/p>\n

The Props<\/i><\/b><\/span>
\nYour computer
\nMike\u2019s computer
\nCarol\u2019s computer
\nThe servers at XYZ Networking
\nA billion dollars of switching equipment owned by ABC Communications
\nMiles and Miles and Miles of cables of different kinds<\/p>\n

The Story<\/i><\/b><\/span>
\nWhen you press the power button on your computer, it does a whole bunch of stuff that gets it ready for you to use it. By the time you are presented with the desktop, we\u2019ve been treated by the \u201cextras\u201d who built the hardware, and Mike and his colleagues who built the Operating System. But you still need some more of Mike\u2019s talents, you need to open a browser<\/i>. That would be Internet Explorer, or Mozilla Firefox, or Google Chrome, to name the three most popular. So if someone tells you \u201cOpen up a browser window,\u201d they want you to start one of these three programs.<\/p>\n

Your browser has a home page<\/i>. That\u2019s the page you see immediately when your browser opens up. You can tell your browser what you want to see when you open it up, but when your browser opens up, you\u2019ve already accessed the World Wide Web. Your browser has sent a request to open your home page, and that request has been fulfilled by a web server. \u00a0Sounds simple, but here\u2019s the nuts and bolts of that:<\/p>\n

Just like your mail needs an address to get to you, or from you to where you want to send it, web traffic needs an address to get where it needs to go. Every device that wants to send and receive information needs an address, and we call that an IP address<\/i>. The IP stands for Internet Protocol, and when someone wants to know your IP address, they will always say \u201cIP address;\u201d they will (almost) never call it an \u201cInternet Protocol address.\u201d The IP address is assigned by one of two authorities: Within the organization, the IP address will be assigned by the network system. In a company, there would be a server set up to do that. In your average home network, either your Internet Service Provider\u2019s access device or your switch or your wireless router will hand out addresses as new devices request access to the network. For example, Google\u2019s IP address is 74.125.228.34 and if you type that into your browser\u2019s address bar, it should take you to Google\u2019s page, just like typing www.google.com into the address bar will do. This website also has an address; your computer has one. \u00a0But it\u2019s too difficult to remember all the numerical addresses of all the websites we want to visit, and fortunately, we don\u2019t have to. And that\u2019s a really good thing, because we\u2019re running out of IP addresses in that format, and the new format is even more difficult to remember. It looks like this: \u00a0FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329, so we\u2019re all glad we can type in the name instead of the number. As you hit the\u00a0\u201cgo\u201d\u00a0or the\u00a0\u201center\u201d\u00a0or whatever you do to initiate the page load, the transaction is handed off to ABC Communications, our hypothetical internet service provider.<\/p>\n

Now we\u2019re going to jump to the other end of\u00a0the transaction and then come back in a bit to tie them together.<\/p>\n

Carol is a web designer who works from home. She almost certainly\u00a0has an IP address, but she wouldn\u2019t necessarily need one if she had some other means of getting her work to you. As Carol gets the web design finished, she loads the files that make up the website to a web server. The files are stored there until someone asks to see them. Someone asks to see them by typing in a request to a browser window. When you see the\u00a0\u201cwww\u201d in a website address, that means that you are requesting a web page; you are asking for a page stored on a web server, which is a server, or a dedicated portion of a server, whose purpose is to store and serve up web pages upon request. Some portion of a server might also be dedicated to file transfer, and that same organization whose website you visited may also have a file transfer protocol<\/i> site, or ftp site. In that case, that particular website name wouldn\u2019t start with www, it would start with\u00a0\u201cftp.\u201d Steve, the network engineer at XYZ Networking, has the web server set up for Carol to load the website onto. Steve has taken care of a lot of details that will make it all look like\u00a0magic. \u00a0Carol isn\u2019t the only one who loads her files to Steve\u2019s servers, Steve has a roomful of servers each capable of hosting multiple websites and serving up the pages with lightning speed. \u00a0Since Carol works from her home, and Steve works from his server farm, their internet services are vastly different. Carol might consider using her own system from her home to host her website, but that would require an investment in hardware, software, and skills, not to mention a corporate internet service. Most ISP\u2019s frown on using your residential internet service to host a website, because the traffic to and from the site is much heavier than just normal web traffic from a standard user. So Steve takes care of getting Carol set up with the information she will need to load her website and make changes to it as necessary. \u00a0A website is made up of a number of different pages, and each page is a file. When you click on a menu item, you\u2019re taken to a new page. What\u2019s really happening is that you are calling up the file that contains that page. Behind the scenes, the file structure of a website looks similar to the file structure on your computer, with folders to keep it all organized. But remember that this is just at Steve\u2019s location. \u00a0The indexed web contains at least 1.59 BILLION web pages!<\/a><\/p>\n

So now let\u2019s say that Carol is working from her home\u2014in St. Petersburg, Russia. \u00a0And let\u2019s say that Steve is working from his network services job\u2014in Reno, Nevada. \u00a0And let\u2019s say that you want to read Carol\u2019s work from your hotel room\u2014in Sydney, Australia. Now that you\u2019ve gotten an idea of the players and their roles, how do we pull all of it together?<\/p>\n

Well, one of the first things your browser wants to know before it reaches out of your home (through your gateway<\/i>, your portal to the world wide web) is \u201cWho is my Domain Name System Server?\u201d That is provided by your ISP, but there are DNS servers that you can tell your network adapter to use, if you\u2019re really geeky. If you don\u2019t specify one, you\u2019ll be using the one that is hard-coded into your ISP\u2019s hardware. Since internet traffic is guided by the NUMBERS, but we all type in NAMES, there must be some way to get the NAMES into NUMBERS. Right? Right. It\u2019s called Domain Name System<\/i>, and it handles that translation based on information that is provided to it by guys like Steve. There are 130 root servers<\/i> (You will hear some geeks say that there are 12 or 13 of them, but they\u2019re wrong, and here\u2019s the internet authority\u2019s statement on it<\/a>. The 12 or 13 number applies to the groups in charge of those root servers. ) \u00a0Each of these root servers has a file on it that tells where to find the authoritative DNS servers for all the top-level domains<\/i>.\u00a0\u00a0A top level domain is the last part of the website name\u2014like \u201cdot-com\u201d or \u201cdot-org\u201d or \u201cdot-edu\u201d or \u201cdot-gov.\u201d Your company or your ISP has a DNS server as well, and it\u2019s job is to reach out to other DNS servers and find whatever it doesn\u2019t know, until some DNS server reaches out to one of the servers in charge of the top-level-domain addresses and names. Then each of the DNS servers in the process\u00a0caches<\/i>\u00a0or stores the information for later use.<\/p>\n

Web traffic travels along wires and cables as signals, and those numerical addresses tell the switching equipment owned by the telephone companies where those signals ought to go,\u00a0in a process that is way too complicated to explain in a blog post that is already long enough. All of this is going on millions of times a second all over the globe. Check out this image of a portion of the routing paths of the internet.<\/p>\n

\"internet<\/p>\n

So now that you see how much is involved in the process of checking out a new recipe on the web, you can see that we should never be surprised when it sometimes doesn\u2019t work correctly, we ought to be amazed that it ever works at all! There are an astonishing number of points of failure between your computer and my web host; some of those are hardware-related, some will be software related, and some will be human-error related. \u00a0(Of the three of\u00a0those, human error is the most difficult to track down.)<\/p>\n

Boggles the mind, doesn\u2019t it?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I remember when there was no World Wide Web, when the Internet was not called the Internet. For today\u2019s emerging generation of computer users, however, computer use IS the Internet or the Web. 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